HEAD
1.
CEREBRAL
ANEURYSM
Cerebral
aneurysm is a weak area in the wall of an artery that supplies blood to the
brain usually enlarges. It’s often described as a ballooning of the blood
vessel.
It caused
by high blood pressure, atherosclerosis, trauma, brain injury, heredity, and
abnormal blood flow at the junction where arteries come together. There are
rare causes of cerebral aneurysm. There are infections from bacterial of the
artery wall. Tumors and drug abuse especially cocaine can cause the artery
walls to inflame and weaken.
The
symptoms of cerebral aneurysm are:
a.
Severe headache
b.
Stiff neck
c.
Blurry vision
d.
Loss of consciousness
e.
Vomiting
f.
Stroke-like symptoms, and
g. Ill-appearing
patient on physical examination
The doctor’s treatment for symptomatic aneurysm is to repair
the blood vessels. Clipping and Coiling are two treatment options.
a. Clipping
A neurosurgeon can operate on the
brain by cutting the skull, identifying the damaged blood vessel and putting a
clip across the aneurysm.
b.
Coiling
An interventional neurologist, neurosurgeon, or
radiologist can thread a tube through the arteries, as with an angiogram,
identify the aneurysm and fill it with coils of platinum wire or with latex.
Both these
options have risk of damaging the blood vessel and causing more bleeding,
damaging nearby brain tissue, and causing the surrounding blood vessels to go
into spam. Depriving brain tissue of blood supply and causing a stroke.
You can’t
always prevent cerebral aneurysm, but you can lower your risk by not smoking
and reducing high blood pressure. Having high blood pressure can also
significantly increase your chance of developing a cerebral aneurysm. You can
reduce high blood pressure by eating a healthy diet-in particular, exercising
regularly, cutting down on salt and caffeine, and eating plenty of fruit and
vegetables.
To improve
the diagnosis of cerebral aneurysm, need a laboratory checking. There are
Angiography, CT scan, and MRI.
2.
MENINGITIS
Meningitis is relatively rare
infection that affects the delicate membranes-called meninges- that cover the
brain and spinal cord. The infection occurs most often in children, teens, and
young adults. Also at risk are older adults and people who have long term
health problems, such as a weakened immune system.
Meningitis is almost always caused
by bacterial or viral infection. Viral meningitis is more common than the
bacterial form and generally – but not always – less serious. It can be
triggered by a number of viruses, including Enteroviruses
and Herpes Simplex Virus. Bacterial
meningitis is an extremely serious illness that requires immediate medical
care. If not treated quickly, it can lead to death within hours or lead to
permanent damage to the other parts of the body. It is caused by 4 types of bacteria:
Haemophilus infuenzae type b, Neisseria meningitides, Streptococcus
pneumoniae, and Listeria
monocytogenes.
People become infected when they
are in close contact with the discharges from the nose or throat of a person
who is infected.
The most common symptoms among
teens and young adults are:
a. Stiff and
painful neck, especially when you try to touch your chin to your chest.
b. Fever
c. Severe
headache
d. Vomiting
e. Seizures
f.
Shivering
g. Trouble
staying awake
h. Rash
i.
Pale
The
symptoms among babies are:
a. Refuse to
eat
b. Rash
c. Tense/bulging
soft spot on their head
The
symptoms among young children may act like they have the flu. They may cough or
have trouble breathing.
The symptom
among older adults and people with medical problems may have only a slight
headache and fever.
Bacterial
meningitis is treated with antibiotics in a hospital. You may also get
dexamethasone, a type of steroid medicine. And you will be watched carefully to
prevent serious problems such as hearing loss, seizures, and brain damage.
But viral
meningitis is more common, and most people with this form of the illness get
better in about 2 weeks. With mild cases, you may only need home treatment.
Home treatment includes taking medicine for fever and pain and drinking enough
fluids to stay hydrated.
Meningitis
can be prevented. The way is get vaccinated. Getting vaccinated against
measles, mumps, rubella, and chickenpox can help prevent diseases that can lead
to viral meningitis. You can prevent the spread of meningitis by not sharing items
where secretions can lurk, such as drinking glasses, water bottles, straws,
toothbrushes, lipsticks or lip glosses, and cigarettes. Keep your immune system
at its fighting best by eating healthy including fresh fruits and vegetables.
And the more easy way is wash your hands vigorously.
To improve
the diagnosis of meningitis, the doctor will always do lumbar puncture. Other
test that may be done include complete blood count, blood culture, biopsy, CT
scan or MRI.
CHEST
1.
LUNG CANCER
Lung cancer starts when abnormal cells grow out of
control in the lung. They can invade nearby tissues and form tumors. Lung
cancer can start anywhere in the lungs and affect any part of the respiratory
system.
Most lung cancer is caused by smoking. But sometimes lung
cancer develops in people who never smoked. Being exposed to secondhand smoke,
arsenic, asbestos, carcinogen, radioactive dust, or radon can increase your
chances of getting lung cancer. People who are exposed to radiation at work or
elsewhere have a higher chance of getting lung cancer.
The first signs of lung cancer may include:
a. Coughing
b. Wheezing
c. Feeling
short of breath
d. Chest pain
e. Having
blood in any mucus that you cough up
f.
If the cancer spreads within and beyond the chest,
other symptoms may occur.
Treatment for lung cancer may include surgery, chemotherapy,
radiation, or a combination of these therapies. Targeted therapy and laser
therapy may also be used.
Lung cancer can be prevented by stop smoking or don’t ever
smoke, avoid secondhand smoke, avoid carcinogens at work, eat a diet full of fruits and vegetables, and
exercise most day of the week.
To improve the diagnosis of lung cancer, need a laboratory
checking. There are biopsy, bronchoscopy, Pulmonary function tests, blood test,
and CT scan or MRI.
2.
PERICARDITIS
Pericarditis is swelling and irritation of the
pericardium, which is the sac that surrounds the heart.
Many things can cause pericarditis, including:
a. Viral
infection (the most common cause)
b. Heart
attack
c. Chest
injury
d. Recent
heart surgery
e. Certain
disease, such as HIV, Lupus, Hypothyroidism, kidney disease, or tuberculosis
f.
Medicine side effect, including cancer treatments
In many
cases, the cause is not known.
The main symptom is a sharp pain in the canter or left
side of your chest. The pain may spread to the shoulder blade. For some people,
this pain is dull instead of sharp. It may be worse when you lie down or take a
deep breath.
If there are no other problems, pericarditis usually
goes away on its own in a couple of weeks. During this time try aspirin,
ibuprofen, or another Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) to reduce
pain. And get plenty of rest. If the
illness gets worse. You may need further treatment. This could include
medicines or a procedure to relieve the fluid and pressure around you heart.
Avoiding corticosteroid in treating acute pericarditis
is the best way to prevent development of chronic relapsing pericarditis.
To diagnose pericarditis, need a some tests including
electrocardiogram, chest X-ray, and blood test.
References
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracranial_aneurysm
http://www.webmd.com/brain/tc/brain-aneurysm-topic-overview#1
http://www.webmd.com/lung-cancer/lung-cancer-symptoms
http://www.webmd.com/lung-cancer/lung-cancer-treatment-diagnostics
http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/More/What-is-Pericarditis_UCM_444931_Article.jsp#
http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/meningitis/diagnosis-treatment/treatment/txc-20169590
http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/meningitis/symptoms-causes/dxc-20169522
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